Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis Free Essays

Research objectives are the goals of the research study. Research objectives specify the reason researchers are conducting research. For example, researchers may want to better understand the difference in pain scale results among subjects with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case the research objective would cause researchers to take steps to conduct scientific analysis to determine the variations in pain experienced between a group of individuals without a diagnosis of TBI and a group of individuals with TBI. The research objective is to determine if there is a difference in perceived pain levels among patients with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury as compared with individuals without a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. The objective is the reason researchers are conducting the research. Farrugia et al. cites Hayes in saying when formulating a research objective it is essential to know â€Å"where the boundary between current knowledge and ignorance lies. † (Farrugia 2010). Understanding the missing component among previously conducted research and current observations is a key component when formulating a research objective. Research questions are the questions asked in order to achieve the objective. According to Farrugia et al. , an effective research question should â€Å"specify the population of interest, be of interest to the scientific community and potentially to the public, have clinical relevance and further current knowledge in the field† and be compliant with current ethical standards (Farrugia et al. 2010). The study authors further suggest using the FINER criteria in order to develop an effective initial research question. This delineates the research question into several component parts to analyze in detail the efficacy of the research question and if, among all the available or visible possible questions, the question chosen is the most effective research question to guide the study. For example, according to Jackson, a research question may state â€Å"do science majors score higher on intelligence tests then students in the general population† (Jackson 2011). This question guides the course of the research study and guides researchers in setting up the study effectively and accurately. It is important, throughout the course of research, to ensure that additional questions do not cloud the initial research question (Farrugia et al. 2010). This requires a focus on the original research question and the ability of researchers to set aside additional questions that may arise for later research studies. A research hypothesis or alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which researchers â€Å"want to support that predicts a significant difference exists between the two groups being compared† (Jackson 2011). For further description, Farrugia et al. describes the research hypothesis a hypothesis developed â€Å"from the research question and then the main elements of the study — sampling strategy, intervention (if applicable), comparison and outcome variables — are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance† (Farrugia et al.2010). The research hypothesis differs from the null hypothesis and sets the course of the study, the study details and types of measures used during the study. Jackson provides an example of a research hypothesis being derived from an initial research objective when a researcher wants to illustrate that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores compared to children who do not attend educationally-based after school programs. The alternative hypothesis in this case would be that the researcher wants to prove that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores. In order to accomplish this, because of the nature of proving and disproving facts and the impossibility of proving the truth of the hypothesis through statistics, the researcher would have to construct a null hypothesis â€Å"the hypothesis predicting that no differences exists between the groups being compares† (Jackson 2011). In this case the null hypotheses would perhaps say that children who attend academically-based after school programs have the same IQ scores as children who do not attend such programs. This would then allow the researcher to attempt to disprove the null hypothesis using inferential statistics to reject the null hypothesis, which in turn would mean the research or alternative hypothesis, is potentially supported by the data gathered by the researcher. Another important consideration is weather the hypothesis will be one-tailed or two-tailed. A one-tailed hypothesis is an hypothesis â€Å"in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups† (Jackson 2011). A two-tailed hypothesis is â€Å"an alternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts that the groups being compared differ but does not predict the direction of the difference. † Whether one-tailed or two tailed (Jackson 2011) the hypothesis gives credence to the research and provides the schema on which researchers build their research study. How to cite Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis, Essays

Success Depends on Opportunity and Not on Character free essay sample

What Are Steroids? Steroids has more than one meaning. Your body naturally produces some steroids, to help you fight stress and grow bigger during puberty. (But your body knows just the right amount that you need, so theres no need to take any extra. ) Theres also a type of medicine called steroids that people might take if they have pain, asthma, or a skin problem. But these arent the kind of steroids getting attention in sports. When people say steroids (say: stare-oydz), they often mean illegal anabolic steroids.Anabolic steroids are artificially produced hormones that are the same as, or similar to, androgens, the male-type sex hormones in the body. The most powerful of these is testosterone (say: tes-tos-tuh-rone). Anabolic steroids can be taken in the form of pills, powders, or injections. Anabolic steroids are always illegal, meaning that you could get arrested for buying, selling, or taking them. We will write a custom essay sample on Success Depends on Opportunity and Not on Character or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some athletes take anabolic steroids because of their testosterone-like effects, such as increasing muscle mass and strength. This might sound like just a guy thing, but girls also have used steroids to get stronger and change the way they look.And its not only professional athletes who have taken these illegal drugs. Investigations and studies have shown that teens, college athletes, and others have taken steroids. There are supplements available that contain anabolic steroids. You might see ads for these on the Internet or in the back of sports or body building magazines. Some have been banned in the United States while others are still legal. Legal or illegal, these supplements can cause health problems. Kids should not take any steroid supplement, even those that are still on the market.Dangers of Steroids Anabolic steroids cause many different types of problems. Less serious side effects include acne, oily hair, purple or red spots on the body, swelling of the legs and feet, and persistent bad breath. A kid or teen who takes steroids might not grow as tall as he or she was supposed to grow. Some other serious and long-lasting side effects are: †¢premature balding †¢dizziness †¢mood swings, including anger and sadness †¢seeing or hearing things that arent there (hallucinations) †¢extreme feelings of mistrust or fear (paranoia) †¢problems sleeping nausea †¢vomiting †¢trembling †¢high blood pressure that can damage the heart or blood vessels over time †¢aching joints †¢greater chance of injuring muscles and tendons †¢jaundice or yellowing of the skin; liver damage †¢trouble peeing †¢increased risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer These risks affect girls: †¢increased facial hair growth †¢deeper voice, like a mans †¢shrinking of the breasts †¢period changes Specific risks for boys include: †¢shrinkage of the testicles and penis problems †¢pain when urinating (peeing) †¢breast developmentBecause steroids can be injected (given in a shot), users run the risk of getting illnesses that can be passed through needles that are dirty, or shared. These include HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, a serious liver disease. Though some problems may show up right away, others may not appear for years. One former Oakland Raiders lineman who died of brain cancer believed that steroid use during his football career was one reason he got the disease. Using Steroids Isnt Playing Fair Your health is the No. 1 reason not to use steroids or a steroid supplement. But theres another very important reason: Its just not fair.When people use steroids, it gives them an unfair advantage against others who trained and practiced without using illegal steroids. And because all levels of sports — from high school to the pros — are testing athletes for steroid use, theres a growing chance the person will get caught. If caught, he or she will face a lot of embarrassment and could be banned from the sport. But maybe worst of all, any achievements the athlete made while on steroids could be questioned. Someone might say, He didnt really deserve to be on the All-Star team, he was on steroids. Or, She shouldnt have that trophy, she was cheating

Significance of travel in Bashos Narrow Road Through the Backcountry Essay Example

Significance of travel in Bashos Narrow Road Through the Backcountry Paper Questing for Connections to the Past Waldo Ralph Emerson said Though we travel the world over to find the beautiful, we must carry it with us or we find it not. In Bash?Is Narrow Road through the Backcountry, exactly this sentiment is realized in the literary capture of North Japans natural beauties on his Journey for poetic enlightenment and motivation. This work is the story of the Journey that Basho began near the end of his life in order to attain inspiration for writing poetry, specifically in haiku-type forms. Bash? Is chosen path mirrored that of Saigy?, a well respected monk and poet, which ran through the ocations of residence and inspiration of various other notable Japanese poets and writers. The travel tale has long been held in high public regard and is widely known as one of the most iconic pieces of Japanese literature. Basho had a fascination with nature and a rare bond with his surroundings, but by pursuing the trail first blazed by Japanese poets of old, Saigy? in particular, Basho hoped to perfect his art and find inspiration by connecting to the locations of those poets inspiration from long before, and had a much greater impact than one could have predicted. One of the early encounters with a place formerly associated with a past figure that Basho describes poetically is the arrival to the Sunlit Mountain, Nikko. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of travel in Bashos Narrow Road Through the Backcountry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of travel in Bashos Narrow Road Through the Backcountry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of travel in Bashos Narrow Road Through the Backcountry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Basho explains that the mountain was named Nikko by Master Kukai, a monk who started a temple on this mountain. Basho also explains the significance of the mountains name and tells of how he feels Kukai has in a way predicted and blessed their trip. Observing the mountain exemplifies what Basho is trying to accomplish on this journey as he quickly scribbles down a self-admittedly simple and quick verse. Though simple, this is exactly what Basho is looking for: an opportunity to observe hat inspired the poets of old, which gives him the motivation to write. The works of Kukai had given him the basis for which to write upon. The haiku reads yes, how brilliant! /green leaves, young leaves/luminous within and without Kukai having named the mountain as the Sunlit Mountain, Basho would have never had the inspiration to write about the luminosity of the scene. Though no direct credit to Kukai or the mountain is mentioned in the poem, there is a direct link to both. At UnganJi, Basho is inspired to write about the hut of his former Zen meditation teacher, Butcho. A slightly melancholy haiku is written about the vacant, decrepit hut. This is a deep and emotional example of the inspiration that Basho sought. Evident in his haiku is the sadness from the lost connection to his Zen master alongside the majesty of the place which he is writing about, which combine for a beautiful piece of poetry. By no other force than by physically being at the site of the hut could a poem like that have been composed. Travel not only allows Basho to connect with the site which he is describing, but alsoin a more ethereal waywith his mentors and those ho preceded him. Most renown of these predecessor poets is Saigy? It, whom Basho modeled his path after. Along the way, various of Saigy? Its poetic inspirations and sites are mentioned and seen by Basho. Basho is particularly excited by one of these moving sites; the willow tree. In the eyes ot Bash? It, Saigy? It nas been immortalized in this tree and thus, standing in the shadow of the willows leaves and branches is like standing in the shadow of one of the great muses. This is a particularly rewarding experience for him, as Saigy? It is his guide and truest predecessor. This is reflected in the excitement of his writing about the experience of standing in his shadow. Various other times throughout Bash? Its text, Saigy? Its writings are referenced to help describe scenes about which Saigy? did not specifically write, which speaks to Bash? Its keeping of Saigy?Its writings and path in his mind throughout his Journey. A connection which is undeniably deeper than that with any other poet is made with Saigy? It because of this. Various other poets and their inspirations are mentioned throughout The Narrow Road Through the Backcountry: the Shirakawa checkpoint ritten about by Kanemori and Noin, and depicted in paintings by Kiyosuke and others, the twin pines in Takekuma, written about by Noin, the sites of old poetic inspiration which Kaemon tours Basho and Sora through, and a plethora of others. All of these sites possess their own feeling and give Basho unique motivations. Some of the places provide morose poetic inspiration, for which Basho is commonly known, while others cause the poet to drift away from his common tone and write in a much more upbeat manner; a testament to the true power of the natural beauty of Japan and impact of historical poets on Basho. This variety calls to the different inspirations which Basho was seeking. Instead of maintaining a stagnant style, as many of the less-travelled poets would have, Bash? Its Journey allows him to not only write about sights that he would have never otherwise experienced, but it also allows him to connect with other writing styles that he ordinarily may not have explored, causing a stark development of his own writing style. A common thread in all of Bash? Its inspirational writers, as pointed out by Haruo Shirane in the essay Double Voices and Bash? Its Haikai in Kerkhams Matsuo Bash?Its Poetic Spaces: Exploring Haikai Intersections, is that all of these writers are considered to be reclusive poets. Though the GenJi (the famous lovers), Ariwara no Narihira and Ono no Komachi were all well recognized and loved for their classical images in Japan, Basho aligned more with these less-renown, reclusive poets (Kerkham 1 11). This points to his history in Zen meditation and his monk-like lifestyle. Bash?Its Journey connects several of the residences of the recluse poets that he idealized before and allows him to unite the poetic forms and pasts of these poets into his own. By giving credit to these poetic redecessors in his works, Basho also changed the way that the ancients were perceived in Japan; causing the known poetic standards to shift from the classic writers of old to the reclusive writers Basho modeled (1 11). This shows the impact of not only the poets on Basho, but his effect on their legacies and the subsequent shift in future Japanese literature as a result. One of the major differences between Basho and the poets he follows is that Basho does not have the religious concerns of actually being a Buddhist monk, which allows him to write more freely. The religious oets had to be concerned with the Buddhist principles of renouncing the phenomenal world in which we live, while that often times met with the conflict of their love for the splendor of nature; this is particularly true of Saigy? It (67-68). In a way, then, Basho was able to take up the task that the priest poets likely would have enjoyed taking on, in being able to truly describe the full impact of nature. By the culmination ot the te xt, Basn? It provides haikus witn a much ditterent and generally upbeat tone, which speaks to his spiritual and intellectual enlightenment and overall hift in writing attitude and style. This enlightenment has been primarily generated by the writings of past poets and their inspirations, as evidenced by his poetry, which nearly always honors the writings and poets who wrote there before him, at some level. Bash? Its questing for inspiration had much larger implications than Just his self- development into a recognized poet, as it caused a dramatic change in the perception of classic Japanese literature and had a monumental impact on the future of Japanese texts. A path once blazed in the spirit of exploration and inspiration is gain used by Basho in the same means, but to a drastically different ends, largely due to the ability of the ancients to inspire and help him develop his art into a form that led to wide acceptance and yielded recognition for those ancients. word count: 1,346 Poets long past-on The long, enlightening road An inspiration Works Cited Kerkham, Eleanor. Matsuo Bashos Poetic Spaces: Exploring Haikai Intersections. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006. 66-68; 110-112. Print. Davis, Paul, et al. The Bedford Anthology of World Literature: The Modern World, Present. Compact Edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 122-155. Print.

Kudler Fine Foods Technology Solutions Essay Example

Kudler Fine Foods Technology Solutions Essay Example Kudler Fine Foods Technology Solutions Essay Kudler Fine Foods Technology Solutions Essay Kidders human resources department focuses on employment policies, training, payroll functions, and hiring processes. The purpose of this paper is to view the potential technology solutions and needed software that may add value to Judder Fine Foods and their human resources department. Analysis of Judder Fine Foods As an information technology director Awaken is recommending Kathy Judder to up- date and improve their human resources software systems. Resource Management Information Systems are necessary for analyzing employees information. Resource Management Information Systems usually provide the capability to much effective business plans, control costs, and improved the quality in HRS decision making, and improving employee productivity (Dresser ; Associates, 2013, Para. 2). Kidders human resources and payroll functions are much Important concerning employee hire dates and work hours. Kidders uses Quick Books and outsource their payroll process to track hire dates and employees pay rates. Kidders Potential Technology Solutions Awaken recommends possible software solutions that include Visual Staff Scheduler, and Human Resources Data Manager. Human Resources Software Staff Files 8. Lowell assist Judder Find Foods with employees records, performance reviews, and employee safeguard protection. The NOW solutions product, [emailprotected], Is a web- based Human Resources Management offers solution that integrates human resources, payroll, administrative capabilities as well as employee self-service. The NOW Solutions product also provides employee tracking information, such as salaries, benefits, absences, and performance reviews (NOW Solutions, 2010). Muckrake web-based resource management software is much needed for Kidders. Muckrake can automate much of Kidders functions In their HRS department and any parts of Kidders organization (Muckrake, 2013). Vista Human resources Management Systems includes recruiting, self-service, Family Medical Leave Act Administration (Vista HRS, 2013). The Human Resources Management Software allows employees to review their pay roll history. HRS delivers information to recipients online at any time and place (HID System Technologies, 2013). Genealogy Pro Ana cons The advantage of the Human Resources Staff Files 8. 0 software is the software is flexible and can track employee wages and benefits. The present system used by Judder Fine Foods present system consists of the Retail Enterprise Management System (REAMS). Kidders would benefit from the Human Resources Management System (HRS) because the software system would enable Kidders to maintain his or her employee records at his or her main headquarters. The use of an HRS would also allow Kidders to complete payroll and workers compensation functions. Vista Human Resources Management Systems would help Kidders communicate across border in a database. The Cons is no one software product is designed to handle every business need. Centralization of Employee Records Kidders human resources department employee assistants keeps records and information about employees complaints, grievances, and harassment issues. Much of the employee records are maintained in Kidders individual stores. Kidders human resources department has no centralization concerning their employee records. Much of the companys workers compensation process is handled by vendors and their time sheets are done manually (Judder, 2012). Awaken recommends that Kidders uses Bamboo web-based HRS management system software to track and centralize employees data. Automation of Time Tracking Judder Fine Foods is responsible for tracking employees request for sick and other time off hours, such as employee vacations. Time tracking tools help Kidders to operates more productive in a highly automated environment with employee online connectivity. Kidders Fine Foods must have time tracking and time sheet submittal software to track employee information. Timeshare Submittal Kidders employees are presently filling out time sheets manually and the time sheets are faxed to Kidders accounting department. Timeshare submittal software may be much helpful for Judder Find Foods because employee will have easy online access of logging in and completing time sheets. This will help managers and employees improve their communications and missed connections concerning worked hours. Kidders has no automated system for tracking vacation hours. Device Software products provides comprehensive features and tools so that Kidders can accurately and efficiently track employees information and manage his or her time. Mutants web-based timeshare software will also help Kidders track employee hours and payroll information. Tracking Applicants Judder uses Quick Books to keep track of their employee payroll process. Keller also outsource and the outsourcing company has employee information, including tax information and pay rates. Employees can interact with a Kiosk Machine and manage his or her human resources information, and Kidders managers can use Kiosk software to track applicants. Employee Self-Service Cookware offers a secure kiosk browser where employees can receive instant feedback and self-service. According to Cookware (2003-2013) Internet Kiosk software converts computer into self-service kiosk. It prevents hacking and downtime, blocks the system keys like (Para. 1). Internet Technology Sealers computer systems Tort can store nave a stand-alone network Ana Internet components.

Executive Brief on 'Google in China' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Executive Brief on 'Google in China' - Essay Example Within 3 years of launch of its website, Google garnered 30% of the share of total web search industry. (Google 2008) Later, due to its reluctance to apologize for allowing certain illegal sites to be obtained through its search results for Chinese users, it faced some regulation process from the Chinese government, banning several features of it. Following that, some malicious attacks on their Chinese servers and Gmail through alleged sources from China, Google reported in January 2010 as putting its operations in China in abeyance. A lot has been discussed about this move and several notions have been posed from several quarters. Decisions are yet to happen in a unanimous manner from all parties. Google’s stand on continuing its operations in China has presented an interesting proposition for analyzing the pros and cons of its decision. The current scenario is such that both the parties could lose out on major opportunities if Google decides to continue its suspended action in China. Google could lose out to its competitors of China and may end up losing out a major stake of its business from the fastest establishing super power of the world. At the same time, China’s rules and regulations are in correspondence to the rule of government, thereby disabling itself from any change of its course with respect to Google. The report aims at identifying the different factors such as the internal and external contributors, providing key inputs on the current strategy followed by both the parties involved, and depicting a possible movement of the market according to the different decisions that might be taken in future. Google established its Google China (Google.cn) in 2006. The first step of its strategy was to obey to the rules of the government prohibiting certain search results accessible to its users. The second step was to

Results presentation and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Results presentation and discussion - Essay Example However, the difference in the distance travelled by the 3 phages shows that type IV PILI is needed for infection. PAO1 travelled the greatest distance close to 2.5 cm while CHA (27641) travelled the least distance. In order to determine if the results (distances moved) obtained in the laboratory correlates or relate to what other researchers have found in the past, one sample T-Test was used. The output results below (table 2) show that the p value is less than 0.05. This means that there is a statistically significant difference between the value obtained in the previous researches and the one got in this study. The spot assay was done to establish whether one phage is more infective than another. This is in terms of a broader host range. Basing on the table 2 below, it is observed that Phage 2 and 3 infect closely the same strains of P. aeruginosa. The strains infected by the two are PAO1, PAK, AA2, AA43, AMT0060.1, CHA (27641), IST27N, and AMT0060.3. Phage 4 is different in the strains it infects which could be caused by a difference in its progeny as compared to phages 1 & 2 therefore giving it a disadvantage. The presence of a spot in the spot assay showed that the phage can infect the P. aeruginosastrain by horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, from the results, phage 2 and 3 had a higher infective power. Strains that include IST27MUC NN2 AND AMT0023-30 are resistant to all the three phages. This is mainly due to their genome which makes them resistant to the infection. The source of the strain is also significant in determining its properties and whether it will be infected. The strain s from children are more susceptible to infection compared to that from adults (Burns et al. 2000). According to figure 1 above, it is observed that phage3 has a greater infective power, followed by phage2 and phage 4 has the least infective power. It is also seen that Phage 2 has 53%, phage 3 has 73 % and phage 4 has 33%. Plaque assays

Impact of Market Imperfections on International Capital Markets Essay

Impact of Market Imperfections on International Capital Markets - Essay Example This paper makes an assessment of the impact of the market imperfections on the functioning of the international capital markets. The perfect market is an economic model which describes a hypothetical market condition in which no producer or consumer has an absolute control to influence the prices. As laid down by the concept of Pareto efficiency a perfect market model would eventually lead to a totally efficient outcome. The theories of demand and supply have been evolved using the analysis of perfectly competitive markets. Efficient allocation and use of resources and maximization of social welfare characterize the perfect market equilibrium (Writing Campus). The perfect market model assumes the presence of certain conditions which make the prices move towards economic equilibrium instantaneously. However these conditions are to be treated as sufficient but not necessary conditions. In a perfect market there exist a large number of small producers and consumers. Because of their relative sizes the actions of these players do not have any significant impact on the others. The prices are set by the market and the firms represent only price takers (Writing Campus). In the perfect market model the goods and services represent perfect substitutes to each other. All the firms in the market sell identical products and there is no product differentiation among the individual products (Writing Campus). Perfect and Complete Information All the players in the market have perfect and complete information about the prices and the activities of other players in the market. The prices set by different firms in the market are known to all the players (Writing Campus). Equal Access One of the major assumptions in the perfect market model is that all the firms in the market have equal access to production technologies and resources, since the technologies and resources are considered to be perfectly mobile (Writing Campus). Free Entry There are no restrictions on the entry to or exit from the market for any firm. The firms may enter and leave the market as they wish and such exit will not have any additional burden on the firms. There is the existence of complete independence in the market that the individual buyers and sellers act independently of each other. The market is structured in such a way that there is no scope for a group of buyers and sellers to join together to influence the prices for their common interest. In other words there is no possibility of cartels or collusion in a perfect market model (Writing Campus). Apart from the above conditions there are certain other behavioural assumptions which also form the basis of a perfect market model. They are: It is the objective of the consumers to achieve maximum utility and the objective of the producers is to maximize their profits. The perfect market model is subjected to severe criticisms on the ground that the model is too simplified and the simplifications are irrelevant and inappropriate to describe the kind of society, market etc. This model can be regarded as a description of one type of market structure with most of its assumptions getting violated in the real world. For instance the firms may not have perfect information about each other. The usefulness of perfect market mo